Nullable types, null safety

Tolk supports nullable types T?, a shorthand for T | null. Any type can be made nullable: primitive types, structures, and other composites. null cannot be assigned to a non-nullable type.

Null safety

The compiler enforces null safety: nullable values cannot be accessed without an explicit null check.

var value = x > 0 ? 1 : null;  // int?

value + 5;               // error
b.storeInt(value);       // error

A check for value == null is required before:

if (value != null) {     // value is `int` inside
    value + 5;           // ok
    b.storeInt(value);   // ok
}

When a variable has no explicit type, its type is inferred from the initial assignment and does not change. Therefore, a variable must be declared explicitly as nullable when required:

var i = 0;
i = null;       // error, can't assign `null` to `int`
i = maybeInt;   // error, can't assign `int?` to `int`

// correct form:
var i: int? = 0;
i = null;       // ok

Similarly, when the initial value is null, its type must be specified:

var i: int? = null;
// or
var i = null as int?;

Smart casts

After a null check, the compiler automatically narrows the type. This feature is known as “smart casts”. It exists in TypeScript and Kotlin, and makes working with nullable types more natural. Examples:

if (lastCell != null) {
    // here lastCell is `cell`, not `cell?`
}

if (lastCell == null || prevCell == null) {
    return;
}
// both lastCell and prevCell are `cell`

var x: int? = ...;
if (x == null) {
    x = random();
}
// here x is `int`

while (lastCell != null) {
    lastCell = lastCell.beginParse().loadMaybeRef();
}
// here lastCell is 100% null

Smart casts apply to local variables, structure fields, and tensor/tuple indices.

struct HasOpt {
    optionalId: int?
}

fun demo(obj: HasOpt) {
    if (obj.optionalId != null) {
        // obj.optionalId is `int` here
    }
}

Smart casts also work for initial values. Even if a variable declared as int? but initialized with a number, it’s a safe non-null integer:

var idx: int? = -1;
// idx is `int`

When a variable is 100% null, its type becomes null, meaning it can be safely passed to any nullable type:

fun takeOptSlice(s: slice?) {}

fun demo() {
    var i: int? = getOptInt();
    if (i == null) {
        takeOptSlice(i);  // ok: pass `null` to `slice|null`
    }
}

Operator ! (non-null assertion)

The ! operator in Tolk is similar to ! in TypeScript and !! in Kotlin. It allows bypassing the compiler’s check:

fun doSmth(c: cell) {}

fun analyzeStorage(nCells: int, lastCell: cell?) {
    if (nCells) {           // then lastCell 100% not null
        doSmth(lastCell!);  // use ! for this fact
    }
}

Sometimes “a developer knows better than the compiler”. For example:

// this key 100% exists, so force `cell` instead of `cell?`
val mainValidators = blockchain.configParam(16)!;

Unlike local variables, global variables cannot be smart-cast. The ! operator is the only way to drop nullability from globals:

global gLastCell: cell?

fun demo() {
    // we are sure that a global is set, convert to `cell`
    doSmth(gLastCell!);
}

Therefore, ! is useful when non-nullability is guaranteed by conditions outside the code itself.

Stack layout and serialization

Atomics like int? or cell? / etc. are backed by either TVM NULL or a value. Non-atomics are tagged unions. Serialized as: null -> ‘0’, otherwise -> ‘1’+T, but address? is serialized specially.

For details, follow TVM representation and Serialization.